‍DALLAS — 2025 was a year of turbulence and smooth cruising for the aviation industry. We saw history revisited with deep dives into forgotten tri-jets, safety protocols scrutinized after harrowing runway incidents, and the geopolitical tit for tat reshape global flight paths overnight.

From the humanitarian challenges testing the limits of major European hubs to the regulatory hurdles facing the next generation of giants like the 777X and C919, the stories that defined this year reflected a sector in constant shift mode.

Buckle your seatbelts. Here are the top 25 stories of 2025 from Airways, ranked by readership numbers and updated for our year-end wrap-up.

1. Growing Tensions as Hundreds Take Shelter at Madrid Airport

In May 2025, Madrid-Barajas Airport (MAD) faced a significant humanitarian challenge as nearly 500 homeless individuals and asylum seekers began using the terminals as a permanent shelter. Security unions and airport management raised alarms about overcrowding, safety concerns, and inadequate hygiene facilities, creating a "pressure cooker" environment in the airport's public areas.

Update (December 2025): By the end of the year, AENA and local Madrid authorities implemented a coordinated plan to transition the majority of these individuals into municipal shelters. While the immediate overcrowding at Barajas has subsided, the incident sparked a broader EU-wide debate regarding the role of major transit hubs in managing urban humanitarian crises.

2. Explained: Why Lockheed Left the Airliner Business

From November 2025, this popular deep dive explores Lockheed's exit from the commercial aviation market following the financial struggles of the L-1011 TriStar program. The article details how fierce competition with McDonnell Douglas and Boeing, combined with the "engine wars" of the 1970s, forced the aerospace giant to pivot exclusively to defense contracts.

Update (December 2025): The legacy of the L-1011 remains a favorite topic among aviation enthusiasts. In 2025, Lockheed Martin’s commercial involvement remains limited to supersonic research (such as the X-59), with no signs of a return to mainstream commercial aircraft manufacturing despite the year's volatility in the Boeing-Airbus duopoly.

3. Airways Top 10 Largest Passenger Aircraft

A perennial favorite for two years in a row, this listicle ranks the behemoths of the sky by passenger capacity and maximum takeoff weight. The Airbus A380 and Boeing 747-8 continue to dominate the top spots, serving as a reminder of the "jumbo jet" era even as the industry shifts toward efficient twin-engine widebodies.

Update (December 2025): The list saw renewed interest this year as the first Boeing 777-9s began entering service preparations, threatening to reshuffle the rankings. While the A380 retains the crown for sheer volume, the 777X has officially cemented its place as the largest twin-engine jet in operation as of late 2025.

4. There’s More Trouble Brewing for the Boeing 777X

This September 2025 article highlighted the fresh certification hurdles Boeing faced with the 777X program earlier in the year. Supply chain disruptions and heightened FAA scrutiny of GE9X engines and flight-control redundancies threatened to push the entry-into-service date even further back, causing frustration among launch customers such as Emirates and Lufthansa.

Update (December 2025): While 2025 was a year of "two steps forward, one step back" for the program, Boeing secured critical type inspection authorizations by Q4. Delivery timelines have been adjusted yet again, but confidence is slowly returning as the test fleet completed high-stakes certification flights in November.

5. FAA Issues AD for Rolls-Royce Trent XWB-97 Engines

In February 2025, the FAA issued an Airworthiness Directive (AD) mandating immediate inspections of Rolls-Royce Trent XWB-97 engines, the exclusive powerplant for the Airbus A350-1000. The directive followed reports of premature wear on specific compressor blades, which could lead to in-flight shutdowns if left unaddressed.

Update (December 2025): Airlines have largely complied with the inspection cycle, with minimal disruption to A350-1000 global fleets. Rolls-Royce has since released a software update and a minor retrofit kit to mitigate the vibration issues identified in the AD, effectively closing this safety chapter.

6. White House Orders Major FAA Hiring Policy Shift

Addressing the chronic shortage of air traffic controllers, the White House issued an executive order in January 2025 overhauling the FAA’s hiring practices. The policy shift aimed to streamline the biographical assessment process and broaden recruitment to a larger pool of candidates, helping stabilize the national airspace system after years of understaffing.

Update (December 2025): The FAA Academy in Oklahoma City reported record enrollment numbers for the Fall 2025 class. While the staffing gap remains significant, the new "direct-hire" initiatives for military controllers and aviation graduates have begun to alleviate pressure at critical TRACON facilities.

7. Explained: L-1011 TriStar, DC-10 – Forgotten Giants

This October 2025 historical feature compares the two tri-jet rivals that defined the 1970s widebody market. It analyzes why the DC-10, despite its troubled safety record, outsold the technologically superior L-1011 TriStar, and how both aircraft paved the way for the ETOPS era that ultimately made three-engine aircraft obsolete.

Update (December 2025): The tri-jet nostalgia is alive and well. In 2025, the final operational DC-10s (in MD-10 freighter configuration) are rapidly retiring, making this retrospective increasingly relevant. Enthusiast charters on the few remaining L-1011s (like the Stargazer) were fully booked throughout the year.

8. TSA Updates Approved Items List for Carry-On on U.S. Flights

In May 2025, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) released a revised "What Can I Bring?" list, clarifying rules on lithium batteries, medical liquids, and smart luggage. The update was designed to reduce friction at security checkpoints by aligning U.S. standards with the latest CT scanner capabilities being rolled out at major hubs.

Update (December 2025): The rollout of the new analogic 3D scanners has allowed the TSA to relax liquid restrictions at nearly 40 major U.S. airports as of December. Passengers at these hubs no longer need to remove laptops or liquids—nor remove their shoes since July, significantly speeding up holiday travel processing times.

9. Delta Air Lines CRJ900 Crashes at Toronto Pearson

On February 17, 2025, Delta Connection (Endeavor Air) Flight 4819 crashed upon landing at Toronto Pearson (YYZ). The Bombardier CRJ900 experienced a hard landing, which collapsed the right gear and caused the aircraft to overturn on the snowy runway. Miraculously, all 80 passengers and crew survived, though several passengers sustained injuries.

Update (December 2025): The Transportation Safety Board (TSB) of Canada released an interim report attributing the crash to a fractured "side-stay" component in the landing gear and an excessive descent rate during adverse weather. The aircraft was written off, and Delta has since reinforced stabilized approach training for its regional partners.

10. EASA Approves Boeing 737 Drag-Reduction Finlets

In September 2025, European regulators approved a new aftermarket modification for the Boeing 737 NG family: "finlets." These small aerodynamic devices, attached to the aft fuselage, are designed to reduce drag and improve fuel efficiency by up to 1.5%, providing a cost-saving and carbon-emissions-reduction benefit for operators.

Update (December 2025): Following EASA approval, Ryanair and several other European low-cost carriers began a fleet-wide retrofit program in Q3 2025. The modification has become a standard upgrade for aging 737-800 fleets looking to remain competitive against the newer MAX and NEO variants.

11. The History of Commercial Flight: How Global Travel Took Off

Tracing the arc from the noisy, unpressurized cabins of the 1920s to the jet age, this two-year-old article remains a comprehensive timeline of commercial aviation. It highlights key milestones such as the Pan Am Clipper flying boats, the Comet tragedies, and the democratization of air travel enabled by the Boeing 747.

Update (December 2025): This educational piece remained a top read throughout 2025, particularly as the industry celebrated the 100th anniversary of several legacy carriers. It continues to serve as a primary reference for readers seeking to understand the context of modern aviation challenges.

12. Black Boxes Failed Minutes Before Jeju Air Crash

In January 2025, investigators were baffled when data revealed that both the Flight Data Recorder (FDR) and Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) of Jeju Air Flight 7C2216 stopped recording four minutes before the crash. The outage raised serious questions about the aircraft's electrical bus isolation and the risk of a catastrophic power failure before impact.

Update (December 2025): The final investigation report remains pending, but preliminary findings from late 2025 indicate a "massive electrical cascade failure" caused by a faulty generator control unit. The incident has prompted the South Korean transport ministry to audit the electrical maintenance procedures of all 737-800 operators in the region.

13. 1/25/2020: Boeing 777X Completes Maiden Flight

This retrospective looked from January 2025 back at the first flight of the Boeing 777-9 five years prior. Hailed initially as a new chapter for Boeing, the article examines the optimism of that day against the backdrop of the subsequent five-year certification delay that defined the program's narrative.

Update (December 2025): Five years post-maiden flight, the 777X is finally nearing the finish line. The prototype aircraft featured in this story (WH001) is now being used for route-proving tests, with delivery to the launch customer, Emirates, now firmly scheduled for early 2026.

14. Explained: Extra Takeoff Power from Water Injection

A September 2025 technical explainer on "wet takeoffs," a method used in early jet engines (like those on the 707 and early 747s) to boost thrust by injecting water or methanol into the combustion chamber. The article details how this increased air density and cooling allowed heavy jets to take off from short runways in hot weather.

Update (December 2025): While largely a relic of the past, the concept of water injection saw a theoretical revival in discussions in 2025 regarding hydrogen-combustion engines. Engineers are revisiting the cooling principles of water injection to manage the higher burn temperatures of hydrogen, demonstrating that legacy technology can still inform innovation.

15. Air China Operates First COMAC C909 International Route

In June 2025, Air China flew the COMAC C909 (formerly the ARJ21) on its first scheduled international revenue flight from Hohhot to Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. This milestone marked a significant step in China's ambition to export its indigenous aircraft and compete in the regional jet market.

Update (December 2025): Following the successful launch of the Mongolia route, COMAC has secured letters of intent from carriers in Southeast Asia. The rebranding to "C909" in late 2024 has successfully aligned the regional jet with the larger C919, creating a unified brand family that is gaining traction in non-Western markets.

16. Hawaiian, Alaska Airlines Add 15 Nonstops from Anchorage

Leveraging their freshly approved merger, Alaska Airlines and Hawaiian Airlines announced in June 2025 a massive expansion of connectivity from Anchorage (ANC). The new network strategy utilizes Anchorage as a key transpacific hub, adding 15 new nonstop destinations to connect the U.S. West Coast and Hawaii with increased efficiency.

Update (December 2025): The "Alaska-Hawaiian" integration is proceeding faster than analysts predicted. As of winter 2025, Anchorage has seen a 20% increase in passenger throughput, validating the strategy to use ANC as a cargo-passenger hybrid hub. The combined loyalty program rollout has also been well-received by frequent flyers.

17. European Setback for China's C919: Certification Delayed

Hopes for the Chinese-built COMAC C919 to fly in Europe hit a wall in May 2025 as EASA delayed its certification validation. European regulators cited the need for more granular data on flight control laws and on avionics supply chain transparency, pushing back indefinitely on potential European operations of the jet.

Update (December 2025): The geopolitical deep freeze has kept the C919 out of Western skies for 2025. COMAC has pivoted its strategy, focusing almost exclusively on the "Global South" and BRICS nations for export orders, while EASA maintains that technical compliance, not politics, remains the sole barrier.

18. Flight 4819: Radar Data, Video Reveal a Harsh Descent

A follow-up to the Delta CRJ900 crash story, this February 2025 article analyzed the ADS-B data and viral video footage of the landing. The data showed a descent rate exceeding 1,000 feet per minute in the final seconds—well beyond the structural limits of the CRJ landing gear—confirming an unstabilized approach was a primary factor.

Update (December 2025): This analysis has become a case study for flight safety departments worldwide. By year-end, footage of the CRJ900's gear collapse will be used in pilot recurrent training to emphasize the critical importance of executing a go-around when descent rates exceed stable criteria.

19. Republicans Push to Replace TSA with Private Security

Near the end of March 2025, Senators Mike Lee and Tommy Tuberville introduced the "Abolish TSA Act of 2025," aiming to privatize airport security screening under federal oversight. The bill argued that the TSA is "bloated and ineffective" and proposed a model similar to that in Europe, in which private contractors handle screening under government regulation.

Update (December 2025): The bill stalled in committee but prompted a pilot program that allows five additional major U.S. airports to transition to the Screening Partnership Program (SPP). While the TSA was not abolished, political pressure forced the agency to accelerate its modernization and customer-experience initiatives.

20. Boeing Begins to Take Back 737 MAX Jets from China

In April 2025, amid an escalating trade war, Boeing began repatriating 737 MAX aircraft built initially for Chinese airlines. With China halting deliveries due to tariffs, Boeing flew these "white tail" jets from Zhoushan back to the U.S. to be reconfigured and sold to customers such as Air India and United Airlines.

Update (December 2025): The "remarketing" effort was a financial success for Boeing, clearing the inventory of undelivered jets that had sat for years. By December, the Zhoushan completion center is effectively dormant, symbolizing the decoupling of the U.S. aerospace giant from the Chinese market.

21. Flight AI171 Initial Report Confirms Fuel Switch Movement

From July 2025, the preliminary report on the Air India Flight 171 incident from the previous month revealed a shocking detail: the fuel control switches for both engines were moved to "CUTOFF" seconds after takeoff. The report left investigators and the public stunned as they tried to determine whether the incident was an accidental switch snag or a confused pilot action during a high-workload departure.

Update (December 2025): The investigation has increasingly focused on human factors and cockpit ergonomics. As of late 2025, Air India has installed protective guards on the fuel control switches of its fleet and revised its takeoff safety briefings, though the exact reason for the pilot's hand movement remains a subject of intense debate.

22. Impact of Pakistan Airspace Closure on Indian Airlines

In April 2025, renewed geopolitical tensions led to a temporary closure of Pakistan's airspace to Indian carriers. This forced flights heading to Europe and the U.S. to take lengthy detours south over the Arabian Sea or north through Central Asia, adding hours to flight times and millions in fuel costs.

Update (December 2025): Airspace restrictions were eased in Q4 following diplomatic talks, but many airlines have kept the detour routes as a contingency. The closure highlighted the fragility of the "Silk Road" air corridors and accelerated the trend of Indian carriers establishing hubs in the Middle East to mitigate airspace risks.

23. Boeing to Use Microsoft Flight Simulator for Pilot Training

In a convergence of gaming and professional aviation, Boeing announced in November 2025 the "Virtual Airplane Procedures Trainer" (VAPT), powered by Microsoft Flight Simulator 2024. This cloud-based tool allows pilots to practice cockpit flows and procedures on laptops and tablets with high-fidelity visuals, democratizing access to training aids.

Update (December 2025): The program went live in December and received rave reviews from cadet pilots. While it doesn't replace full-motion simulators, the VAPT has reduced the "knowledge gap" for trainees entering type-rating courses, helping Boeing address the 737 MAX training backlog.

24. OAG: Bookings on Canada–U.S. Air Routes Down by 70%

Data from OAG in March 2025 showed a startling 70% drop in forward bookings between Canada and the U.S., attributed to economic uncertainty and trade disputes. Air Canada disputed the severity of the figures, but the report signaled a significant cooling of the transborder market heading into the summer season.

Update (December 2025): Retrospective data confirms the dip was real but shorter-lived than feared. Summer travel rebounded by July as currency exchange rates stabilized. However, the data scare prompted airlines to be more agile with capacity planning, shifting widebodies off transborder routes in favor of smaller, more efficient narrowbodies.

25. FAA Issues New AD for Boeing 757 Aircraft

In January 2025, the FAA issued a new Airworthiness Directive for the aging Boeing 757 fleet, targeting fatigue cracking in the fuselage skin near the wing-to-body fairing. The AD requires repetitive, high-frequency eddy-current inspections, a costly maintenance burden that may accelerate the retirement of this iconic "flying pencil."

Update (December 2025): Major operators like Delta and United have absorbed the maintenance workload and remain committed to keeping their 757 fleets flying due to the lack of a replacement aircraft. However, cargo operators have begun retiring older airframes, citing the AD compliance costs as the final nail in the coffin for high-cycle freighters.