‍DALLAS — The Pakistani government is making its third attempt to privatize Pakistan International Airlines (PIA), formally relaunching the privatization process on April 24, 2025, inviting domestic and international investors to submit ther Expression of Interest (EOI) for acquiring a majority stake-between 51% and 100%-in the restructured airline.

Interested parties must submit their EOIs by 4:00 pm on June 3, 2025, along with a non-refundable processing fee. This renewed push follows two failed attempts and comes as the airline reports its first profit in over two decades, potentially making it more attractive to investors.

Financial Turnaround and Current Status

In a remarkable turnaround, PIA reported its first annual profit in 21 years for the fiscal year 2024. According to officially approved financial results, the airline earned an operational profit of Rs3.9 billion and a net profit of Rs2.26 billion, according to dawn.com. 

The airline achieved an operating margin of more than 12%, which the PIA spokesperson noted is comparable to some of the best-performing airlines globally.

This financial recovery follows extensive restructuring efforts that have dramatically improved the airline's balance sheet. The government has implemented a comprehensive debt restructuring program totaling Rs 671 billion, which included:

• Removing Rs 268.7 billion in bank debt
• Clearing Rs 170 billion in government debt
• Addressing Rs 188.3 billion in legacy operating liabilities
• Resolving Rs 44 billion in employee liabilities

These measures have reduced PIA's negative equity from Rs 698 billion to Rs 45 billion as of April 2024. The debt restructuring has also substantially lowered the airline's debt servicing burden, which previously consumed approximately one-third of its cash inflow.

Previous Privatization Attempts

The current privatization push represents Pakistan's third attempt in recent years to sell the national carrier:

First Failed Attempt (October 2024)

The government's first major recent attempt to privatize PIA collapsed when only a single bid of approximately US$36 million was received, dramatically below the established reserve price of $305 million. Potential buyers expressed serious concerns about PIA's legacy debt burden and unresolved taxation issues, which prevented them from submitting competitive bids.

Second Failed Attempt (Early 2025)

The second privatization attempt also ended unsuccessfully when the Blue World City consortium offered just Rs 10 billion, far below the Privatisation Commission's minimum price of Rs 85.03 billion. While six groups had been pre-qualified for bidding, only this single real estate development company participated in the auction.

Current Privatization Framework

For this third attempt, the government has significantly sweetened the deal by offering up to 100% ownership of PIA, including full management control. Officials plan to complete the entire privatization process by December 2025.

To attract serious investors, the Pakistani government has introduced several significant incentives:

• Exemption from the 18% General Sales Tax on the lease or purchase of new aircraft
• Additional financial support to improve PIA's balance sheet
• Protection for investors against certain tax liabilities and ongoing litigation claims

The government has also modified the eligibility criteria for potential bidders. Existing airlines can now participate in the bidding process if they meet updated financial requirements.

For non-airline businesses, the criteria include demonstrating a minimum annual revenue of Rs 200 billion, backed by audited financial statements from December 2023 or later.

IMF Program Connection

The privatization effort is part of a broader economic reform plan tied to Pakistan's US$7 billion International Monetary Fund (IMF) program. The government has assured the IMF that it will sell PIA by July 2025, although the privatization timeline suggests this deadline may be missed.

Return to European, UK Markets

In a significant development for PIA's operational capabilities, the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) lifted its four-year ban on the airline effective November 29, 2024. 

The ban, initially imposed in June 2020 due to safety concerns linked to a licensing scandal, was revoked after PIA demonstrated compliance with international safety standards. The airline will remain under "Intensified Surveillance" until the end of 2025.

Following this regulatory breakthrough, PIA restarted its European operations on January 10, 2025, with its first flight to Paris. More recently, the airline resumed flights to the United Kingdom after Eidul Fitr 2025, with initial services from London and Manchester to Pakistan. 

There are also plans to restart services from Birmingham shortly. These routes had historically been among the airline's most profitable markets before they were suspended in 2020.

Debt Restructuring Mechanism

A key component of making PIA attractive to investors was establishing a holding company structure. Under this arrangement, PIA's bad debts were transferred to the PIA Holding Company Limited (PIAHCL), leaving a clean PIACL entity to be sold to potential investors, according to brecorder.com. The State Bank of Pakistan has facilitated this process by allowing banks to treat the syndicated finance facility to PIAHCL as a fresh and regular loan.

This restructuring has been critical in addressing what was previously an unsustainable financial situation. Before these efforts, projections indicated that PIA's debt and liabilities could have potentially increased to Rs 1,977 billion by 2030, with annual losses reaching Rs 259 billion.

Pakistan Airspace Ban: April–May 2025

In late April 2025, Pakistan imposed a ban on Indian-owned and Indian-operated aircraft from using its airspace, a move that has caused significant disruption to international aviation in the region. The ban, announced after a terrorist attack in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir, is part of a series of retaliatory diplomatic measures amid escalating tensions between India and Pakistan. The airspace closure is set to remain in effect until at least midnight on May 25, 2025.

Scope, Impact:

• The ban affects all Indian-registered, owned, or leased aircraft, including major carriers such as Air India, IndiGo, and SpiceJet.
• Over 800 weekly flights are impacted, with airlines forced to reroute services to Europe, North America, the Middle East, and Central Asia, resulting in longer flight times, increased fuel consumption, and higher operational costs.
• For example, flights from Delhi to the Middle East now take up to an hour longer, and routes to Europe and North America can see journey times extended by up to two hours.
• IndiGo has canceled flights to Almaty and Tashkent from April 27 and April 28, respectively, until at least May 7, as these destinations are now beyond the operational range of its current fleet due to the rerouting.
• The closure is expected to cost Indian airlines an estimated $15 million for just one month, with fares on affected routes likely to rise by 8–12% in the short term.

Operational Adjustments:

• Airlines are adjusting crew and pilot schedules to accommodate longer routes and increased duty times.
• Some routes may see reduced cargo capacity as aircraft carry more fuel, which can impact airline revenue.
• Indian carriers are also reviewing the viability of specific international routes, with some flights suspended or seeing significant schedule adjustments.

Broader Context:

• The closure mirrors a similar episode in 2019, which also resulted in significant financial losses and operational headaches for Indian airlines.
• The ban is part of a broader diplomatic standoff, which has included the suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty, closure of the Wagah border, and withdrawal of visas and diplomatic staff between the two countries.

PIA Operations:

• While the current ban specifically targets Indian airlines, it does not directly restrict international carriers or PIA flights to and from Pakistan. However, the broader regional instability and airspace restrictions add complexity to the operational environment for all airlines in South Asia.

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